The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group, or PPG, is an informal international group of systematic
botanists
This is a list of botanists who have Wikipedia articles, in alphabetical order by surname. The List of botanists by author abbreviation is mostly a list of plant taxonomists because an author receives a standard abbreviation only when that auth ...
who collaborate to establish a consensus on the
classification Classification is a process related to categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated and understood.
Classification is the grouping of related facts into classes.
It may also refer to:
Business, organizat ...
of
pteridophyte
A pteridophyte is a vascular plant (with xylem and phloem) that disperses spores. Because pteridophytes produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are sometimes referred to as "cryptogams", meaning that their means of reproduction is hidden. Ferns, ...
s (
lycophytes
The lycophytes, when broadly circumscribed, are a vascular plant (tracheophyte) subgroup of the kingdom Plantae. They are sometimes placed in a division Lycopodiophyta or Lycophyta or in a subdivision Lycopodiophytina. They are one of the oldes ...
and
fern
A fern (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta ) is a member of a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. The polypodiophytes include all living pteridophytes except t ...
s) that reflects knowledge about plant relationships discovered through
phylogenetic
In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...
studies. In 2016, the group published a classification for extant pteridophytes, termed "PPG I". The paper had 94 authors (26 principal and 68 additional).
[
]
PPG I
A first classification, PPG I, was produced in 2016, covering only extant (living) pteridophytes. The classification was rank-based, using the ranks of class, subclass, order, suborder, family, subfamily and genus.[
]
Phylogeny
The classification was based on a consensus phylogeny, shown below to the level of order.[
The very large order Polypodiales was divided into two suborders, as well as families not placed in a suborder:][
]
Classification to subfamily level
To the level of subfamily, the PPG I classification is as follows.[
*Class ]Lycopodiopsida
Lycopodiopsida is a class of vascular plants known as lycopods, lycophytes or other terms including the component lyco-. Members of the class are also called clubmosses, firmosses, spikemosses and quillworts. They have dichotomously branching s ...
Bartl. (3 orders, 3 families, 18 genera)
::*Order Lycopodiales
The Lycopodiaceae (class Lycopodiopsida, order Lycopodiales) are an old family of vascular plants, including all of the core clubmosses and firmosses, comprising 16 accepted genera and about 400 known species. This family originated about 380 mil ...
DC. ex Bercht. & J.Presl (1 family, 16 genera)
::::*Family Lycopodiaceae
The Lycopodiaceae (class Lycopodiopsida, order Lycopodiales) are an old family of vascular plants, including all of the core clubmosses and firmosses, comprising 16 accepted genera and about 400 known species. This family originated about 380 mil ...
P.Beauv. (16 genera)
:::::*Subfamily Lycopodielloideae
Lycopodielloideae is a subfamily in the family Lycopodiaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). It is equivalent to a broad circumscription of the genus '' Lycopodiella'' in other classifications. Like all lycop ...
W.H.Wagner & Beitel ex B.Øllg. (4 genera)
:::::*Subfamily Lycopodioideae
''Lycopodioideae'' is a subfamily in the family Lycopodiaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). It is equivalent to a broad circumscription of the genus '' Lycopodium'' in other classifications. Like all lycoph ...
W.H.Wagner & Beitel ex B. Øllg. (9 genera)
:::::*Subfamily Huperzioideae W.H.Wagner & Beitel ex B. Øllg. (3 genera)
::*Order Isoëtales Prantl (1 family, 1 genus)
::::*Family Isoëtaceae Dumort. (1 genus)
::*Order Selaginellales
''Selaginella'' is the sole genus of vascular plants in the family Selaginellaceae, the spikemosses or lesser clubmosses.
This family is distinguished from Lycopodiaceae (the clubmosses) by having scale-leaves bearing a ligule and by having ...
Prantl (1 family, 1 genus)
::::*Family Selaginellaceae
''Selaginella'' is the sole genus of vascular plants in the family Selaginellaceae, the spikemosses or lesser clubmosses.
This family is distinguished from Lycopodiaceae
The Lycopodiaceae (class Lycopodiopsida, order Lycopodiales) are an o ...
Willk (1 genus)
*Class Polypodiopsida
A fern (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta ) is a member of a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. The polypodiophytes include all living pteridophytes except th ...
Cronquist, Takht. & W.Zimm. (11 orders, 48 families, 319 genera)
:*Subclass Equisetidae
Equisetidae is one of the four subclasses of Polypodiopsida (ferns), a group of vascular plants with a fossil record going back to the Devonian. They are commonly known as horsetails. They typically grow in wet areas, with whorls of needle-like ...
Warm. (1 order, 1 family, 1 genus)
::*Order Equisetales
Equisetales is an order of subclass Equisetidae with only one living family, Equisetaceae, containing the genus ''Equisetum'' (horsetails).
Classification
In the molecular phylogenetic classification of Smith et al. in 2006, Equisetales, in its ...
DC. ex Bercht. & J.Presl (1 family, 1 genus)
::::*Family Equisetaceae
Equisetaceae, sometimes called the horsetail family, is the only extant family of the order Equisetales, with one surviving genus, ''Equisetum'', which comprises about twenty species.
Evolution and systematics
Equisetaceae is the only survivin ...
Michx. ex DC (1 genus)
:*Subclass Ophioglossidae
Ophioglossidae is one of the four subclasses of Polypodiopsida (ferns). This subclass consists of the ferns commonly known as whisk ferns, grape ferns, adder's-tongues and moonworts. It is equivalent to the class Psilotopsida in previous treatm ...
Klinge (2 orders, 2 families, 12 genera)
::*Order Psilotales
Psilotaceae is a family of ferns (class Polypodiopsida) consisting of two genera, '' Psilotum'' and ''Tmesipteris'' with about a dozen species. It is the only family in the order Psilotales.
Description
Once thought to be descendants of early va ...
Prant (1 family, 2 genera)
::::*Family Psilotaceae
Psilotaceae is a family of ferns (class Polypodiopsida) consisting of two genera, ''Psilotum'' and ''Tmesipteris'' with about a dozen species. It is the only family in the order Psilotales.
Description
Once thought to be descendants of early va ...
J.W.Griff. & Henfr. (2 genera)
::*Order Ophioglossales
Ophioglossaceae, the adder's-tongue family, is a small family of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), it is the only family in the order Ophioglossales, which together with the Psilotales is placed in the su ...
Link (1 family, 10 genera)
::::*Family Ophioglossaceae Martinov (10 genera)
:::::*Subfamily Helminthostachyoideae C.Presl (1 genus)
:::::*Subfamily Mankyuoideae J.R.Grant & B.Dauphin (1 genus)
:::::*Subfamily Ophioglossoideae C.Presl (4 genera)
:::::*Subfamily Botrychioideae C.Presl (4 genera)
:*Subclass Marattiidae
Marattiaceae is the only family of extant (living) ferns in the order Marattiales. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), Marattiales is the only order in the subclass Marattiidae. The family has six genera and about ...
Klinge (1 order, 1 family, 6 genera)
::*Order Marattiales
Marattiaceae is the only family of extant (living) ferns in the order Marattiales. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), Marattiales is the only order in the subclass Marattiidae. The family has six genera and about ...
Link (1 family, 6 genera)
::::*Family Marattiaceae
Marattiaceae is the only family of extant (living) ferns in the order Marattiales. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), Marattiales is the only order in the subclass Marattiidae. The family has six genera and about ...
Kaulf (6 genera)
:*Subclass Polypodiidae Polypodiidae may refer to:
* Polypodiidae (cnidarians), a zoological family that only includes ''Polypodium hydriforme'', a cnidarian parasite of fish eggs
*Polypodiidae (plant), a botanical subclass of Equisetopsida sensu lato that includes the le ...
Cronquist, Takht. & W.Zimm. (7 orders, 44 families, 300 genera)
::*Order Osmundales
Osmundaceae (royal fern family) is a family of ferns containing four to six extant genera and 18–25 known species. It is the only living family of the order Osmundales in the class Polypodiopsida (ferns) or in some classifications the only ord ...
Link (1 family, 6 genera)
::::*Family Osmundaceae
Osmundaceae (royal fern family) is a family of ferns containing four to six extant genera and 18–25 known species. It is the only living family of the order Osmundales in the class Polypodiopsida (ferns) or in some classifications the only ord ...
Martinov (6 genera)
::*Order Hymenophyllales
The Hymenophyllaceae, the filmy ferns and bristle ferns, are a family of two to nine genera (depending on classification system) and about 650 known species of ferns, with a subcosmopolitan distribution, but generally restricted to very damp pla ...
A.B.Frank (1 family, 9 genera)
::::*Family Hymenophyllaceae
The Hymenophyllaceae, the filmy ferns and bristle ferns, are a family of two to nine genera (depending on classification system) and about 650 known species of ferns, with a subcosmopolitan distribution, but generally restricted to very damp pla ...
Mart (9 genera)
:::::*Subfamily Trichomanoideae
The Hymenophyllaceae, the filmy ferns and bristle ferns, are a family of two to nine genera (depending on classification system) and about 650 known species of ferns, with a subcosmopolitan distribution, but generally restricted to very damp pla ...
C.Presl (8 genera)
:::::*Subfamily Hymenophylloideae
''Hymenophyllum'' is a genus of ferns in the family Hymenophyllaceae. Its name means "membranous leaf", referring to the very thin translucent tissue of the fronds, which gives rise to the common name filmy fern for this and other thin-leaved fern ...
Burnett (1 genus)
::*Order Gleicheniales
:''This article defines the Gleicheniales in a loose sense. For the restricted definition, see Gleicheniaceae.''
Gleicheniales is an order (taxonomy), order of ferns in the subclass Polypodiidae (the leptosporangiate ferns). The Gleicheniales hav ...
Schimp (3 families, 10 genera)
::::*Family Matoniaceae
Matoniaceae is one of the three families of ferns in the Gleicheniales order of the Polypodiopsida class. Fossil records reveal that Matoniaceae ferns were abundant during the Mesozoic era (about 250-million to 66-million years ago), during which ...
C.Pres (2 genera)
::::*Family Dipteridaceae
The Dipteridaceae is a family (biology), family of ferns in the order Gleicheniales of the class Polypodiopsida. They are commonly known as umbrella ferns and contain two genera, ''Cheiropleuria'' and ''Dipteris'', with a total of nine species c ...
Seward & E.Dale (2 genera)
::::*Family Gleicheniaceae
The forked ferns are the family Gleicheniaceae, which includes six genera and about 160 known species. The formerly independent families Dicranopteridaceae and Stromatopteridaceae are generally included in the Gleicheniaceae, whereas the Dipteri ...
C.Presl (6 genera)
::*Order Schizaeales
Schizaeales is an order of ferns (class Polypodiopsida).
Description
While the three clades of Schizaeales are all well-distinguished from one another by numerous morphological characters, members of the order all have dimorphic fertile and s ...
Schimp. (3 families, 4 genera)
::::*Family Lygodiaceae M.Roem (1 genus)
::::*Family Schizaeaceae Kaulf (2 genera)
::::*Family Anemiaceae Link (1 genus)
::*Order Salviniales
The order Salviniales (formerly known as the Hydropteridales and including the former Marsileales) is an order of ferns in the class Polypodiopsida.
Description
Salviniales are all aquatic and differ from all other ferns in being heterosporous, ...
Link (2 families, 5 genera)
::::*Family Salviniaceae
Salviniaceae (), is a family of heterosporous ferns in the order Salviniales. The Salviniaceae contain the two genera ''Azolla'' and ''Salvinia'', with about 20 known species in total. The oldest records of the family date to the Late Cretaceous ...
Martinov (2 genera)
::::*Family Marsileaceae
Marsileaceae () is a small family of heterosporous aquatic and semi-aquatic ferns, though at first sight they do not physically resemble other ferns. The group is commonly known as the "pepperwort family" or as the "water-clover family" because ...
Mirb. (3 genera)
::*Order Cyatheales
The order Cyatheales, which includes most tree ferns, is a taxonomic order of the fern class, Polypodiopsida. No clear morphological features characterize all of the Cyatheales, but DNA sequence data indicate the order is monophyletic. Some sp ...
A.B.Frank (8 families, 13 genera)
::::*Family Thyrsopteridaceae
''Thyrsopteris'' is a genus of tree fern. It contains a single living species, ''Thyrsopteris elegans'', endemic to the Juan Fernandez Archipelago off the coast of Chile. ''Thyrsopteris'' is the only genus in the family Thyrsopteridaceae in the ...
C.Presl (1 genus)
::::*Family Loxsomataceae
The Loxsomataceae are a family of ferns in the order Cyatheales with two extant genera in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Alternatively, the family may be treated as the subfamily Loxsomatoideae of a very broadly ...
C.Presl (2 genera)
::::*Family Culcitaceae
''Culcita'' is a genus of ferns, native to the Americas, Macaronesia and Iberian Peninsula. It is the only genus in the family Culcitaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Alternatively, the family may be treated ...
Pic.Serm (1 genus)
::::*Family Plagiogyriaceae
''Plagiogyria'' is a genus of ferns, the only genus in family Plagiogyriaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Alternatively, the family may be treated as the subfamily Plagiogyrioideae of a very broadly defined ...
Bowe (1 genus)
::::*Family Cibotiaceae
''Cibotium'' (from Ancient Greek language, Greek , ''kibṓtion'', "little chest" or "box"), also known as manfern, is a genus of 11 species of tropical Cyatheales, tree ferns. It is the only genus in family Cibotiaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylog ...
Koral (1 genus)
::::*Family Metaxyaceae
''Metaxya'' is a neotropical genus of ferns in the order Cyatheales. It is the only genus in the family Metaxyaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Alternatively, the genus may be placed in the subfamily Metax ...
Pic.Serm. (1 genus)
::::*Family Dicksoniaceae
Dicksoniaceae is a group of tropical, subtropical and warm temperate ferns, treated as a family in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), and counting 30-40 species. Alternatively, the family may be sunk into a very bro ...
M.R.Schomb. (3 genera)
::::*Family Cyatheaceae
The Cyatheaceae are a family of ferns, the scaly tree ferns, one of eight families in the order Cyatheales in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Alternatively, the family may defined much more broadly (Cyatheaceae '' ...
Kaulf. (3 genera)
::*Order Polypodiales
The order Polypodiales encompasses the major lineages of polypod ferns, which comprise more than 80% of today's fern species. They are found in many parts of the world including tropical, semitropical and temperate areas.
Description
Polypodiale ...
Link (26 families, 253 genera)
:::*Suborder Saccolomatineae Hovenkamp (1 family, 1 genus)
::::*Family Saccolomataceae
Saccolomataceae is a family of ferns in the order Polypodiales with about 19 species. It has been formerly treated as part of the Dennstaedtiaceae, however it has been classified as its own family according to Smith et al. (2006) The genus '' Sa ...
Doweld (1 genus)
:::*Suborder Lindsaeineae Lehtonen & Tuomist (3 families, 9 genera)
::::*Family Cystodiaceae
''Cystodium'' is a fern in its own family, Cystodiaceae. It contains a single species: ''Cystodium sorbifolium'' . Because it looks like a small tree fern, it had previously been placed in the tree fern family Dicksoniaceae. Subsequent analysis ...
J.R.Croft (1 genus)
::::*Family Lonchitidaceae Doweld (1 genus)
::::*Family Lindsaeaceae
Lindsaeaceae is a pantropical family of ferns in the order Polypodiales. It contains six or seven genera with about 220 known species, some of which also extend into the more temperate regions of eastern Asia, New Zealand, and South America. C.Presl ex M.R.Schomb. (7 genera)
:::*Suborder Pteridineae J.Prado & Schuettp (1 family, 53 genera)
::::*Family Pteridaceae
Pteridaceae is a family of ferns in the order Polypodiales, including some 1150 known species in ca 45 genera (depending on taxonomic opinions), divided over five subfamilies. The family includes four groups of genera that are sometimes recogni ...
E.D.M.Kirchn. (53 genera)
:::::*Subfamily Parkerioideae Burnett (2 genera)
:::::*Subfamily Cryptogrammoideae S.Lindsay (3 genera)
:::::*Subfamily Pteridoideae Link (13 genera)
:::::*Subfamily Vittarioideae
Vittarioideae is a subfamily of the fern family Pteridaceae, in the order Polypodiales. The subfamily includes the previous families Adiantaceae (adiantoids or maidenhair ferns) and Vittariaceae (vittarioids or shoestring ferns).
Description
The ...
Link (12 genera)
:::::*Subfamily Cheilanthoideae Horvat (23 genera)
:::*Suborder Dennstaedtiineae Schwartsb. & Hovenkamp (1 family, 10 genera)
::::*Family Dennstaedtiaceae
Dennstaedtiaceae is one of fifteen families in the order Polypodiales, the most derived families within monilophytes (ferns). It comprises 10 genera with ca 240 known species, including one of the world's most abundant ferns, ''Pteridium aquilin ...
Lotsy (10 genera)
:::*Suborder Aspleniineae
Aspleniineae is a suborder of ferns in the order Polypodiales. It is equivalent to the clade eupolypods II in earlier systems; it is also treated as a single very broadly defined family Aspleniaceae. The suborder generally corresponds with the o ...
H.Schneid. & C.J.Rothf (11 families, 72 genera)
::::*Family Cystopteridaceae
Cystopteridaceae is a family of ferns in the order Polypodiales. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family is placed in the suborder Aspleniineae of the order Polypodiales, and includes three genera. Alt ...
Shmakov (3 genera)
::::*Family Rhachidosoraceae
''Rhachidosorus'' is a genus of ferns in the order Polypodiales. It is the only genus in the family Rhachidosoraceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Alternatively, the genus may be placed in the subfamily Rhach ...
X.C.Zhang (1 genus)
::::*Family Diplaziopsidaceae
Diplaziopsidaceae is a family of ferns in the order Polypodiales. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family is placed in the suborder Aspleniineae, and includes two genera. Alternatively, it may be treat ...
X.C.Zhang & Christenh. (2 genera)
::::*Family Desmophlebiaceae
''Desmophlebium'' is a genus of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016, it is the only genus in the family Desmophlebiaceae. Other sources place it in a more widely defined Aspleniaceae.
Taxonomy
The family and genus w ...
Mynssen (1 genus)
::::*Family Hemidictyaceae
''Hemidictyum'' is a genus of ferns with a single species, ''Hemidictyum marginatum'', commonly known as the marginated half net fern. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), it is the only genus in the family Hemidict ...
Christenh. & H.Schneid. (1 genus)
::::*Family Aspleniaceae
The Aspleniaceae (spleenworts) are a family of ferns, included in the order Polypodiales. The composition and classification of the family have been subject to considerable changes. In particular, there is a narrow circumscription, Aspleniaceae ...
Newman (2 genera)
::::*Family Woodsiaceae
''Woodsia'' is a genus of ferns in the order Polypodiales. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), it is the only genus in the family Woodsiaceae, placed in the suborder Aspleniineae. The family can also be treat ...
Herter (1 genus)
::::*Family Onocleaceae
Onocleaceae is a small family of terrestrial ferns in the order Polypodiales. It is placed in the suborder Aspleniineae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Alternatively, the family, along with Blechnaceae, may be ...
Pic.Serm. (4 genera)
::::*Family Blechnaceae
Blechnaceae is a family of ferns in the order Polypodiales, with a cosmopolitan distribution. Its status as a family and the number of genera included have both varied considerably. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 ( ...
Newman (24 genera)
:::::*Subfamily Stenochlaenoideae (Ching) J.P.Roux (3 genera)
:::::*Subfamily Woodwardioideae Gasper (3 genera)
:::::*Subfamily Blechnoideae
Blechnaceae is a family of ferns in the order Polypodiales, with a cosmopolitan distribution. Its status as a family and the number of genera included have both varied considerably. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 ...
Gasper, V.A.O.Dittrich & Salino (18 genera)
::::*Family Athyriaceae
The Athyriaceae (ladyferns and allies) are a family of terrestrial ferns in the order Polypodiales. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family is placed in the suborder Aspleniineae, and includes two gene ...
Alston (3 genera)
::::*Family Thelypteridaceae
Thelypteridaceae is a family of about 900 species of ferns in the order Polypodiales. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), it is placed in the suborder Aspleniineae. Alternatively, the family may be submerged in a v ...
Ching ex Pic.Serm. (30 genera)
:::::*Subfamily Phegopteridoideae Salino, A.R.Sm. & T.E.Almeid (3 genera)
:::::*Subfamily Thelypteridoideae C.F.Reed (27 genera)
:::*Suborder Polypodiineae
Polypodiineae is a suborder of ferns in the order Polypodiales. It is equivalent to the clade eupolypods I in earlier systems, and to the very broadly defined family Polypodiaceae in the classification of Christenhusz & Chase (2014). It probably ...
Dumort. (9 families, 108 genera)
::::*Family Didymochlaenaceae Ching ex Li Bing Zhang & Liang Zhang (1 genus)
::::*Family Hypodematiaceae
Hypodematiaceae is a family of ferns in the order Polypodiales. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family is placed in the suborder Polypodiineae. Alternatively, it may be treated as the subfamily Hypo ...
Ching (2 genera)
::::*Family Dryopteridaceae
The Dryopteridaceae are a Family (biology), family of leptosporangiate ferns in the Order (biology), order Polypodiales. They are known Common name, colloquially as the wood ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG&n ...
Herter (26 genera)
:::::*Subfamily Polybotryoideae
Polybotryoideae is a subfamily of the fern family Dryopteridaceae.
Genera
The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) accepts the following genera:
* '' Cyclodium'' C.Presl
* ''Maxonia
''Maxonia'' is a genus of ferns in ...
H.M.Liu & X.C.Zhang (7 genera)
:::::*Subfamily Elaphoglossoideae
Elaphoglossoideae is a subfamily of the fern family Dryopteridaceae
The Dryopteridaceae are a family of leptosporangiate ferns in the order Polypodiales. They are known colloquially as the wood ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group clas ...
(Pic.Serm.) Crabbe, Jermy & Mickel (11 genera)
:::::*Subfamily Dryopteridoideae Link (6 genera)
:::::*2 genera not assigned to a subfamily
::::*Family Nephrolepidaceae
''Nephrolepis'' is a genus of about 30 species of ferns. It is the only genus in the family Nephrolepidaceae, placed in the suborder Aspleniineae (eupolypods I) of the order Polypodiales in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 ...
Pic.Serm. (1 genus)
::::*Family Lomariopsidaceae
The Lomariopsidaceae is a family of ferns with a largely tropical distribution. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family is placed in the suborder Polypodiineae (eupolypods I) of the order Polypodiales. ...
Alston (4 genera)
::::*Family Tectariaceae
Tectariaceae is a family of leptosporangiate ferns in the order Polypodiales. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family is placed in the suborder Polypodiineae. Alternatively, it may be treated as the ...
Panigrahi (7 genera)
::::*Family Oleandraceae
Oleandra is a genus of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), it is the only genus in the family Oleandraceae, which is placed in suborder Polypodiineae, order Polypodiales. Alternatively, the family may be pla ...
Ching ex Pic.Serm. (1 genus)
::::*Family Davalliaceae
'' Davallia'' (deersfoot fern, hare's foot fern, shinobu fern, rabbit foot fern, ball fern) is a genus of about 40 species of fern. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), it is the only genus in the family Davalli ...
M.R.Schomb. (1 genus)
::::*Family Polypodiaceae
Polypodiaceae is a family of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family includes around 65 genera and an estimated 1,650 species and is placed in the order Polypodiales, suborder Polypodiineae. A broader ...
J.Presl & C.Presl (65 genera)
:::::*Subfamily Loxogrammoideae
Loxogrammoideae is a small subfamily of the fern family Polypodiaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), with two genera, '' Dictymia'' and '' Loxogramme''. The subfamily was previously considered to be a se ...
H.Schneid. (2 genera)
:::::*Subfamily Platycerioideae
Platycerioideae is a small subfamily of the fern family Polypodiaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). The subfamily is also treated as the tribe Platycerieae within a very broadly defined family Polypodi ...
B.K.Nayar (2 genera)
:::::*Subfamily Drynarioideae
Drynarioideae is a subfamily of the fern family Polypodiaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). The subfamily is also treated as the tribe Drynarieae within a very broadly defined family Polypodiaceae ''sens ...
Crabbe, Jermy & Mickel (6 genera)
:::::*Subfamily Microsoroideae
Microsoroideae is a subfamily in the fern family Polypodiaceae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). The subfamily is also treated as the tribe Microsoreae within a very broadly defined family Polypodiaceae ''se ...
B.K.Nayar (12 genera)
:::::*Subfamily Polypodioideae
Polypodioideae is a subfamily belonging to the fern family Polypodiaceae, which is a member of the suborder Polypodiineae in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Alternatively, the subfamily may be treated as th ...
Sweet (9 genera)
:::::*Subfamily Grammitidoideae
Grammitidoideae is a subfamily of the fern family Polypodiaceae, whose members are informally known as grammitids. It comprises a clade of about 750 species. They are distributed over higher elevations in both the Old and New World. This group w ...
Parris & Sundue (33 genera)
:::::*1 genus not assigned to a subfamily
Number of genera
The number of genera used in PPG I has proved controversial. PPG I uses 18 lycophyte and 319 fern genera.[ The earlier system put forward by Smith et al. (2006) had suggested a range of 274 to 312 genera for ferns alone.][ By contrast, the system of Christenhusz & Chase (2014) used 5 lycophyte and about 212 fern genera.][ The number of fern genera was further reduced to 207 in a subsequent publication.][
The number of genera used in each of these two approaches has been defended by their proponents. Defending PPG I, Schuettpelz et al. (2018) argue that the larger number of genera is a result of "the gradual accumulation of new collections and new data" and hence "a greater appreciation of fern diversity and .an improved ability to distinguish taxa". They also argue that the number of species per genus in the PPG I system is already higher than in other groups of organisms (about 33 species per genus for ferns as opposed to about 22 species per genus for ]angiosperms
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...
) and that reducing the number of genera as Christenhusz and Chase propose yields the excessive number of about 50 species per genus for ferns.[ In response, Christenhusz & Chase (2018) argue that the excessive splitting of genera destabilises the usage of names and will lead to greater instability in future, and that the highly split genera have few if any characters that can be used to recognize them, making identification difficult, even to generic level. They further argue that comparing numbers of species per genus in different groups is "fundamentally meaningless".][
]
See also
*List of fern families
Below are lists of extant fern families and subfamilies using the classification scheme proposed by the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group in 2016 (PPG I). The scheme is based on molecular phylogenetic studies, and also draws on earlier classifications, ...
References
{{Reflist, refs=
[{{Citation , last1=Christenhusz , first1=Maarten J. M. , last2=Chase , first2=Mark W. , date=2014 , title=Trends and concepts in fern classification , journal=Annals of Botany , volume=113 , issue=4 , pages=571–594 , doi=10.1093/aob/mct299 , name-list-style=amp , doi-access=free ]
[{{Citation , last1=Christenhusz , first1=Maarten J. M. , last2=Chase , first2=Mark W. , date=2018 , title=PPG recognises too many fern genera , journal=Taxon , volume=67 , issue=3 , pages=481–487 , doi=10.12705/673.2 , name-list-style=amp , doi-access=free ]
[{{citation , author=PPG I , year=2016 , title=A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns , journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution , volume=54 , issue=6 , pages=563–603 , doi=10.1111/jse.12229]
[{{Citation , last1=Schuettpelz , first1=Eric , last2=Rouhan , first2=Germinal , last3=Pryer , first3=Kathleen M. , last4=Rothfels , first4=Carl J. , last5=Prado , first5=Jefferson , last6=Sundue , first6=Michael A. , last7=Windham , first7=Michael D. , last8=Moran , first8=Robbin C. , last9=Smith , first9=Alan R. , date=2018 , title=Are there too many fern genera? , journal=Taxon , volume=67 , issue=3 , pages=473–480 , doi=10.12705/673.1 , name-list-style=amp , doi-access=free ]
[{{Citation , last1=Smith , first1=Alan R. , last2=Pryer , first2=Kathleen M. , last3=Schuettpelz , first3=Eric , last4=Korall , first4=Petra , last5=Schneider , first5=Harald , last6=Wolf , first6=Paul G. , date=2006 , title=A Classification for Extant Ferns , journal=Taxon , volume=55 , issue=3 , pages=705–731 , doi=10.2307/25065646 , jstor=25065646 , name-list-style=amp ]
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